Abstract
A Ni(II)-dimethylglyoxime ion-imprinted polymer {Ni(II)-DMG IIP} was optimised by the uniform design experimental method and used to adsorb Ni(II) ions from water, soil and mine tailing samples. This aimed to improve the performance of this ion-imprinted polymer in trapping Ni(II) ions from soil and mine tailing samples which are characterised by complex matrices. The optimisation was carried out by varying the molar ratios of monomer to crosslinker to porogen and template to ligands, as well as by keeping these parameters constant and varying the concentrations of initiator, 2,2f-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The optimal molar ratios of crosslinker to monomer, monomer to template and nickel(II) sulphate hexahydrate (NiSO4.6H2O) to 4-vinylpyridine to dimethylglyoxime were found to be 3.3:1.0, 0.6:1.0 and 1.0:0.6:3.6, respectively, with 30 mg and 8 m. as the optimum amounts of initiator and porogen, respectively. Through this optimisation, extraction efficiency for Ni(II) increased from 98 to 100% in aqueous samples. The extraction efficiencies for the soil and mine tailing samples were 98-99% and 99%, respectively, with an enrichment factor of 2 in mine tailing samples and ranging from 27 to 40 in soil samples. The method displayed good accuracy, as it was validated with certified reference materials (SEP-3 andBCR-142R) and the values obtained were close to the certified ones. The improved quality of results obtained from water, soil and mine tailing samples showed that the uniform design experimental method is effective and efficient for optimising imprinted polymers using a lower number of experiments performed.
Highlights
Ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) are highly selective cross-linked polymeric materials synthesised by complexing a template and a functional monomer in the presence of a crosslinker
Our experience in this study suggests that the uniform design experimental method is a more convenient and reliable method for optimising the ion-imprinting polymerisation process
The uniform design experimental approach reduced the number of experiments that were initially proposed from 162 to 54 by varying the concentrations of template, monomer, porogen, crosslinker, crosslinking monomer and ligand at 9 levels with 3 replicates
Summary
Ion-imprinted polymers (IIPs) are highly selective cross-linked polymeric materials synthesised by complexing a template and a functional monomer in the presence of a crosslinker. The most important parameters that determine the performance of IIPs are the molar ratios of crosslinkers to monomers (Yan and Ramström, 2005; Zhu et al, 2007; Yu and Mosbach, 2000; He et al, 2007; Spivak, 2005), monomers to template (Yan and Ramström, 2005; Yu and Mosbach, 2000; Yilmaz et al, 1999; Zhang and Li, 2006; He et al, 2007; Kim and Spivak, 2003; Andersson et al, 1999; Spivak, 2005), the volume and type of porogen (Yan and Ramström, 2005; Yu and Mosbach, 2000; Song et al, 2009; He et al, 2007; Yoshizako et al, 1998; Spivak, 2003) and the initiator used (Piletska et al, 2009; Mijangos et al, 2006; Yanagihara et al, 1999).
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