Abstract
In duty-cycled wireless sensor networks, energy efficiency and packet latency are two most important metrics in the design of medium access control and routing algorithms. However, these two problems cannot be addressed well at the same time. In this article, we investigate the trade-off between energy consumption and latency and formulate them into a multi-objective optimization problem. By applying the single exponential smoothing method, we estimate the amount of data of next period and design two optimal sleep time controllers according to time scheduling model of network, so as to dynamically adjust the duty cycle of end node. Our controllers also consider the residual energy of end node. Finally, we propose two dynamic and adaptive medium access control algorithms for synchronous and asynchronous duty-cycled wireless sensor networks, respectively. We evaluate our protocols with different parameters and compare them with existing works. Performance results show that our proposed algorithms can balance power consumption among nodes and improve power efficiency while guaranteeing packet latency is minimized.
Highlights
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) always consist of hundreds of sensor nodes, which are often batteryoperated and required to be alive for years after deployment
We propose a traffic prediction–based medium access control (MAC) algorithm for synchronous duty-cycled WSNs (TPMAC-S) and further improve it for asynchronous network (TPMAC-A)
We propose an optimal sleep time–controlled MAC algorithm for asynchronous scheduling duty cycle WSNs (TPMAC-A)
Summary
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) always consist of hundreds of sensor nodes, which are often batteryoperated and required to be alive for years after deployment. Duty cycle will significantly affect performances in terms of packet delay and energy consumption It is a tradeoff between decreasing energy cost by lower duty cycle and reducing latency by higher one. In these applications, there exist two types of device from the perspective of energy supply, namely, battery-powered and AC adapter–powered devices. In these applications, the AC adapter– powered devices can be selected as routers to forward packets without sleep, and routers can communicate with each other. Section ‘‘Adaptive sleep time controller for synchronous network’’ describes traffic prediction model and the energy-latency problem, designs an optimal controller to address this problem. The performances of our controllers are evaluated and compared with existing duty-cycled MAC protocols in Section ‘‘Performance evaluation.’’ the conclusions and future directions are drawn in section ‘‘Conclusion.’’
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