Abstract
Transportation systems are one of the leading sectors that contribute to greenhouse gas emissions that lead to enhance global warming. The electrification of vehicles is a promising solution to this widespread problem; however, integrating electric vehicles (EVs) into existing grid systems on a large scale creates several problems, both for consumers and for utilities. Accelerated aging of expensive grid assets, such as power transformers, is one of the primary issues that these utilities are facing. This problem can be addressed with battery energy storage systems (BESS), which acts as buffer between demand and supply. Accordingly, this paper proposes a novel strategy for optimal sizing of BESS based on thermal loading of transformers. This paper also investigates issues associated with high penetration levels of rooftop photovoltaics (PVs), determining the synergy between EV charging load and BESS. The proposed solution is treated as an optimization problem, in which a new time of use (ToU) tariff is utilized as a demand response signal to reduce the accelerated aging of transformers. Extensive simulation results show that the size of BESS can be considerably reduced based on the proposed methodology, thereby avoiding accelerated aging of transformers without the need to augment existing grids.
Highlights
E LECTRIC vehicles (EVs) have become a popular choice, as they emit far less carbon than conventional vehicles, even when their electricity originates from nonrenewable sources [1], [2]
This study explores the notion of EV load shifting to lower the negative impact on distribution transformers
A comprehensive methodology to size battery energy storage systems (BESS) in a PV integrated distribution network along with optimal time of use (ToU) pricing is investigated to minimize the adverse impact of EV charging load, in lowering the loss of life of power transformers
Summary
E LECTRIC vehicles (EVs) have become a popular choice, as they emit far less carbon than conventional vehicles, even when their electricity originates from nonrenewable sources [1], [2]. The authors of [34] have tried to address this problem using ToU tariffs to minimize the LoL of distribution transformers They solve this as an optimization problem, where demand response based on price elasticity is used to shift the electrical demand of both residential load and EV load based on the thermal loading of the transformer. To address the aforementioned problems without leaving any load unsupplied, this paper proposes a solution for sizing BESS to support the combined load of additional EVs and residential demand. This paper proposes a novel sizing strategy of BESS based on thermal loading of the transformer to ensure that all EVs are charged before 1900 hrs for day trips while avoiding accelerated aging of transformers.
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