Abstract
Transmission system operators impose several grid-code constraints on large-scale wind farms to ensure power system stability. These constraints may reduce the net profit of the wind farm operators due to their inability to sell all the power. The violation of these constraints also results in an imposition of penalties on the wind farm operators. Therefore, an operation strategy is developed in this study for optimizing the operation of wind farms using an energy storage system. This facilitates wind farms in fulfilling all the grid-code constraints imposed by the transmission system operators. Specifically, the limited power constraint and the reserve power constraint are considered in this study. In addition, an optimization algorithm is developed for optimal sizing of the energy storage system, which reduces the total operation and investment costs of wind farms. All parameters affecting the size of the energy storage systems are also analyzed in detail. This analysis allows the wind farm operators to find out the optimal size of the energy storage systems considering grid-code constraints and the local information of wind farms.
Highlights
Wind energy is a renewable energy source that has been dramatically exploited in recent years
We focused on maximizing the active output power of the wind farm (WF) with the energy storage systems (ESSs)
A multi-objective optimization model is proposed to optimize the operation of an integrated WF-ESS considering different constraints, i.e., (i) limited power constraint and (ii) reserve power constraint issued by transmission system operators (TSOs), where the weight coefficients α, β represent the priority for each of these constraints
Summary
Wind energy is a renewable energy source that has been dramatically exploited in recent years. The output power of the WF system usually fluctuates and is highly dependent on the variations in the wind speed This may not cause any major issue to the operation of the power system with small WF systems; WF systems have been recently developing, and they usually have a large capacity with a vast number of WTGs. A small change in wind speed can cause large fluctuations in the output power of WF systems, which can cause several difficulties in the operation of the power system, even causing instability of the whole system [7,8]. To mitigate the effect of the uncertainty in wind speed, energy storage systems (ESSs) are often installed in WF systems [12,13]. An optimal structure of a WF presented in [15] uses kinetic energy storage to enhance the reliability of the power supply
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