Optimal sizing and location of renewable energy based DG units in distribution systems considering load growth

Abstract

In recent years, scientists have extensively focused on renewable energy resources such as wind power and solar units to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels as the main source of environmental pollutions. One of the main challenges for the production of wind and solar energies is that they often involve uncertainties due to the stochastic natures of wind speeds and solar radiation. Therefore, the existing uncertainties in the resources of wind and solar units must be considered in the planning procedure of distribution systems for having a reliable performance. To consider uncertainties in the output power of renewable energy resources, a new formulation is proposed to determine the optimal location and sizing of solar and wind units in the distribution system. To achieve this, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm as a robust technique is employed to find the best location and sizing of wind, solar and fuel cell units in the distribution system. The main objective of the present work is to minimize the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), the total power losses, the total cost of DG units (including investments, replacement, operation and maintenance costs) and greenhouse gas emissions. Different types of loads such as linear and non-linear loads as well as load growth are also considered in the distribution system. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, 31-bus test system is considered as the case study. Our findings show that the use of renewable energy resources significantly reduces the greenhouse gas emissions in the mentioned system. Furthermore, the simulation results reveal that DG units must be added at some years to keep the voltage within its allowable limits.