Abstract
Abstract. Ice cores provide some of the best-dated and most comprehensive proxy records, as they yield a vast and growing array of proxy indicators. Selecting a site for ice core drilling is nonetheless challenging, as the assessment of potential new sites needs to consider a variety of factors. Here, we demonstrate a systematic approach to site selection for a new East Antarctic high-resolution ice core record. Specifically, seven criteria are considered: (1) 2000-year-old ice at 300 m depth; (2) above 1000 m elevation; (3) a minimum accumulation rate of 250 mm years−1 IE (ice equivalent); (4) minimal surface reworking to preserve the deposited climate signal; (5) a site with minimal displacement or elevation change in ice at 300 m depth; (6) a strong teleconnection to midlatitude climate; and (7) an appropriately complementary relationship to the existing Law Dome record (a high-resolution record in East Antarctica). Once assessment of these physical characteristics identified promising regions, logistical considerations (for site access and ice core retrieval) were briefly considered. We use Antarctic surface mass balance syntheses, along with ground-truthing of satellite data by airborne radar surveys to produce all-of-Antarctica maps of surface roughness, age at specified depth, elevation and displacement change, and surface air temperature correlations to pinpoint promising locations. We also use the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast ERA 20th Century reanalysis (ERA-20C) to ensure that a site complementary to the Law Dome record is selected. We find three promising sites in the Indian Ocean sector of East Antarctica in the coastal zone from Enderby Land to the Ingrid Christensen Coast (50–100° E). Although we focus on East Antarctica for a new ice core site, the methodology is more generally applicable, and we include key parameters for all of Antarctica which may be useful for ice core site selection elsewhere and/or for other purposes.
Highlights
Our knowledge of current climate change and our ability to predict future climate change depends on understanding past natural climate variability
We explored circulation characteristics using both the ERA-Interim (ERA-Int; Dee et al, 2011) (1979– 2014) and ERA 20th Century (ERA-20C; Poli et al, 2013) reanalysis products to search for a site with incident circulation complementary to Law Dome and coherent with decadal-scale anomalies that may be related to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO – see below)
This study details a systematic method for selection of a new ice core site – in this instance, one with annual resolution and an ice age of 1000–2000 years at 300 m depth
Summary
Our knowledge of current climate change and our ability to predict future climate change depends on understanding past natural climate variability. Considerable uncertainties exist in the reconstruction of past climate, with ice cores playing an increasingly important role in understanding both climate impacts and forcings. High-resolution (e.g. annual or seasonal) records of climate forcings over the past 2000 years are of importance to the climate modelling community, such as PMIP (Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project) (Braconnot et al, 2012), and will improve our knowledge of the dynamics of the climate system over this epoch. Only four proxy sites were available to reconstruct all of East Antarctica, which comprises 84 % of the total Antarctic land mass (Bindschadler, 2006). It is unknown how much of this disparity is a true representation of the two regimes or how much is an artefact of data sparsity
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