Abstract
A photoplethysmogram (PPG) is a noninvasive circulatory signal related to the pulsatile volume of blood in tissue and is typically collected by pulse oximeters. PPG signals collected via mobile devices are prone to artifacts that negatively impact measurement accuracy, which can lead to a significant number of misleading diagnoses. Given the rapidly increased use of mobile devices to collect PPG signals, developing an optimal signal quality index (SQI) is essential to classify the signal quality from these devices. Eight SQIs were developed and tested based on: perfusion, kurtosis, skewness, relative power, non-stationarity, zero crossing, entropy, and the matching of systolic wave detectors. Two independent annotators annotated all PPG data (106 recordings, 60 s each) and a third expert conducted the adjudication of differences. The independent annotators labeled each PPG signal with one of the following labels: excellent, acceptable or unfit for diagnosis. All indices were compared using Mahalanobis distance, linear discriminant analysis, quadratic discriminant analysis, and support vector machine with leave-one-out cross-validation. The skewness index outperformed the other seven indices in differentiating between excellent PPG and acceptable, acceptable combined with unfit, and unfit recordings, with overall scores of 86.0%, 87.2%, and 79.1%, respectively.
Highlights
The pulse oximeter is the most commonly used mobile monitoring device for measuring patient oxygen saturation levels and heart rate (HR) [1,2]
Its popularity is due to its advantages as a non-invasive, inexpensive, and convenient screening tool that is remarkably easy to use and comfortable for patients. Traditional uses of this tool include oxygen saturation measurement; the photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal collected using the pulse oximeter provides other important information through its signal waveform morphology [3]
PPG is known as photoelectric plethysmogram (PTG) and digital volume pulse (DVP) analysis; it will be referred to as PPG throughout this paper, as recommended in [5]
Summary
The pulse oximeter is the most commonly used mobile monitoring device for measuring patient oxygen saturation levels and heart rate (HR) [1,2]. Its popularity is due to its advantages as a non-invasive, inexpensive, and convenient screening tool that is remarkably easy to use and comfortable for patients. Traditional uses of this tool include oxygen saturation measurement; the photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal collected using the pulse oximeter provides other important information through its signal waveform morphology [3]. For this reason, researchers are striving to maximize the utility of the PPG waveform characteristics to develop clinically useful devices [4]. There is interest in analyzing the PPG waveform and correlating its morphology with certain symptoms or diseases [3,6]
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