Abstract
This paper explores a methodology to locate battery energy storage systems (BESS) in rural alternating current (AC) distribution networks fed by diesel generators to minimize total greenhouse gas emissions. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) model is formulated to represent the problem of greenhouse gas emissions minimization, considering power balance and devices capabilities as constraints. To model the BESS systems, a linear relationship is considered between the state of charge and the power injection/consumption using a charging/discharging coefficient. The solution of the MINLP model is reached through the general algebraic modeling system by employing the BONMIN solver. Numerical results in a medium-voltage AC distribution network composed of 33 nodes and 32 branches operated with 12.66 kV demonstrate the effectiveness of including BESS systems to minimize greenhouse gas emissions in diesel generators that feeds rural distribution networks.
Highlights
The growing integration of renewable energy sources in the alternating current (AC) distribution network has been promoted worldwide by government organizations in order to reduce greenhouse emissions [1,2]; the integration of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic and wind power plants, carries some challenges as estimating the uncertainties generated by weather conditions [3,4]
The main difference of our proposed approach regarding literature reports is that we proposed an exact mixed-integer nonlinear programming model (MINLP) solvable at any optimization package equipped with branch and bound and interior-point methods, such as the general algebraic modeling system, i.e., (GAMS); in addition, our model allows for reducing the amount of CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by diesel generation considering battery energy storage systems (BESS) locations in one or multiple optimization nodes, showing additional reductions in the order of tens of pounds of CO2 per day regarding heuristic reports in the literature
AC distribution networks to minimize the amount of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere by diesel power generation was studied in this research by proposing an MINLP model
Summary
The growing integration of renewable energy sources in the alternating current (AC) distribution network has been promoted worldwide by government organizations in order to reduce greenhouse emissions [1,2]; the integration of renewable energy sources, mainly photovoltaic and wind power plants, carries some challenges as estimating the uncertainties generated by weather conditions (i.e., wind speed and solar radiation) [3,4]. Regarding multi-objective approaches previously presented in the literature review (see references [28,29,30]) for the operation of batteries in electric vehicle applications, note that these works were concentrated on proposing efficient charging/discharging methodologies that include aging model, thermal behaviors, energy efficiency, among others. These approaches are completely different from the proposed optimization approach addressed in this paper since we are interested in operating these batteries to improve electrical network performance in relation to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions.
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