Abstract
Renewable energy sources (RES) are seen as potential alternative energy sources for rural communities to meet energy demand where electricity supply is inaccessible. Wind and Photo-Voltaic (PV) power is seen as mature and sustainable alternatives for rural electrification. This paper discusses the optimal power dispatch for hybrid combined heat and power (CHP), wind, PV and battery systems with a view to determining the operation of the hybrid system for farming applications. This is accomplished by considering the basic power system probability concepts to assess the performance of the reliability indices. The proposed mathematical model seeks to minimize the system operation costs from CHP. The developed model was validated on five case studies with the same load profile, solar radiation, wind speed and CHP generating unit parameters and solved using a CPLEX solver embedded in Algebraic Modelling Language. The sensitivity analysis performed indicates that the hybrid system achieved a higher reliability as compared to other case studies. The result shows 48% of energy cost reduction is achievable when considering the proposed hybrid CHP, wind, PV and battery system as compared to energy supply via CHP.
Highlights
In an agricultural system, electricity is a crucial resource for food production
Analyzing the reliability of hybrid combined heat and power (CHP)-wind-PV and battery systems is crucial for performance indicators of the system because it aids in assessing the impact of renewable energy sources (RES) on the system adequacy
The reliability indices such as loss of load probability (LOLP), loss of load expectation (LOLE), energy not served (EENS) and cost of energy not served (CENS) were computed to determine the influence of RES on the reliability of hybrid systems
Summary
Electricity is a crucial resource for food production. The farming activities involved include an irrigation system, a livestock rearing operation, household activities, the drying of agricultural products, a hydroponics system and operating farming machinery. Analyzing the reliability of hybrid CHP-wind-PV and battery systems is crucial for performance indicators of the system because it aids in assessing the impact of RES on the system adequacy. This is an important factor for effective scheduling and operation of the proposed hybrid system [11]. A multi-state Markov model was proposed to analyze the availability of the stochastic nature of wind, PV and battery storage The reliability indices such as LOLP, LOLE, EENS and CENS were computed to determine the influence of RES on the reliability of hybrid systems. Sustainability 2020, 12, 8199 where C_chp(Pchp,t, Hchp,t) is the fuel cost of CHP generating units to generate both electrical energy Pchp,t and heat energy Hchp,t at time t. achp, bchp, cchp, αchp, βchp and δchp are the cost coefficients for CHP generating units
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