Abstract
Chlorine demand as a disinfectant for water utility impacts on unintended energy consumption from electrolysis manufacture; thus, diminishing the chlorine consumption also reduces the environmental impact and energy consumption. Problems of disinfectant distribution and uniformity in Water Distribution Networks (WDN) are associated with the exponential urban growth and the physical and biochemical difficulties within the network. This study optimizes Chlorine Booster Stations (CBS) location on a network with two main objectives; (1) to deliver minimal Free Residual Chlorine (FRC) throughout all demand nodes according to country regulations, and (2) to reduce day chlorine mass concentration supplied in the system by applying an hour time pattern in CBS, consequently associated economic, energy and environmental impacts complying with regulatory standards. The application is demonstrated on a real-world WDN modeled from Guanajuato, Mexico. The resulting optimal location and disinfectant dosage schedule in CBS provided insights on maintaining disinfectant residuals throughout all the WDN to prevent health issues and diminishing chlorine consumption.
Highlights
Water utilities properly treat water for common usage and in some cases for drinking
Regulations in the United States of America (USA) established the maximum residual disinfectant level as 4.0 mg/L, above this level exist the potential risk of eyes/nose irritation and possible stomach discomfort, a minimum of 0.2 mg/L which guarantee disinfection of pathogenic bacteria [9]; while there exists different regulations for each country, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a maximum Free Residual Chlorine (FRC) concentration of 0.5 mg/L and minimum of 0.2 mg/L in the Water Distribution Networks (WDN) to guarantee the disinfection of water on consumer nodes
This paper describes reliable solutions for decision makers, finding the optimal location for Chlorine Booster Stations (CBS) and correspondent scheduling applying Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques on Net Example 2 from EPANET, modified by Boccelli et al (1998) to obtain a statistical result from optimization performance
Summary
Water utilities properly treat water for common usage and in some cases for drinking. Reducing chlorine demand from water utilities derives less chlorine manufacture and energy consumption, and a better perception from consumers in tap water safety improves the quotes collection for water utilities; there will be a reduction in bottled water and a lower environmental impact [7]. Organic matter from biofilms interact with disinfectant and produce carcinogenic by-products, a chemical group known as Trihalomethanes (TTHM’s) [17] The identification of these by-products was studied 30 years ago as potentially harmful chlorinated organic material, the most common by-products being chloroform and haloforms. Some authors propose the use of CBS to solve problems caused by the excess of chlorine, the decay of disinfectant over time and the lack of chlorine in some consumption nodes due to the spatiotemporal water-disinfectant distribution [29,30,31,32,33,34,35]. This research focuses on selecting the optimal placement and scheduling of CBS for minimizing the operational and constructive cost of CBS with two bio-inspired optimization methods
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