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Abstract
Overlays have been extensively employed as an effective preservation or rehabilitation tool to extend the service life of concrete bridges and pavements, especially concrete slabs suffering from salt scaling and abrasion. However, limited attention has been paid to the durability and performance of these overlays which can be jeopardized when they are exposed to freeze/thaw and wet/dry cycles, deicer applications, studded tires, and their coupled effects. Various overlays feature different engineering properties, and they might be only effective in specific service environments but not in others, and research is lacking to examine their ability to adapt to different environments. This study subjected five overlay products on concrete slabs to the combined action of freeze/thaw (F/T) and wet/dry (W/D) cycles with periodical exposure to either 15 wt.% NaCl solution or 15 wt.% MgCl2 solution, to simulate the typical field scenarios in an accelerated manner. The bond strength, splitting tensile strength, and abrasion resistance of the overlaid concrete slabs were tested to evaluate the effectiveness of various overlays against the deicer scaling and the abrasion by studded tires. Based on the experimental data, this study demonstrated a multi-criteria decision-making method, fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) combined with analytic hierarchy process (AHP), for the selection of optimal overlays in three different service scenarios (e.g., states of Washington and Oregon [USA] and British Columbia [Canada]). The analysis results indicate that one epoxy overlay exhibited the comprehensively best performance and could be a promising candidate in all three given scenarios, another polymer overlay took second place, while the adaptability of the three cement-based overlays varied in different environments.Graphical
Highlights
Deicing and anti-icing chemicals (a.k.a., deicers) are increasingly used as effective tools to enable winter road maintenance operations in cold-climate regions; yet their deleterious impacts on the concrete infrastructure, motor vehicles, and the natural environment are becoming a growing concern
It should be noted that the age of cementbased overlays and substrate concrete slabs were 28 d and 56 d before starting the exposure cycles, respectively
The fracture of composite samples, including the control, Silica Fume modified mortar overlay (SFMO), Microfiber-Nanoclay reinforced mortar overlay (FMO), and PPC1121, of the initial bonding strength tests occurred at the interfaces between the overlays and the concrete substrates, indicating that the bond strength was lower than the tensile strength of either overlay or concrete substrate
Summary
Deicing and anti-icing chemicals (a.k.a., deicers) are increasingly used as effective tools to enable winter road maintenance operations in cold-climate regions; yet their deleterious impacts on the concrete infrastructure, motor vehicles, and the natural environment are becoming a growing concern. Verian and Behnood [29] reported that different degrees of degradation in pavement concrete specimens occurred when exposed to different deicing salts (MgCl2, CaCl2, and NaCl) and freeze/thaw or wet/ dry cycles. Reiterman and Keppert [17] studied the effect of different chloride salts on the residual mechanical properties, final ingress of chloride, and surface scaling during freezing-thawing cycles, and their conclusions agreed well with those of Verian and Behnood [29]. Deicer-induced attack to concrete would be intensified when in conjunction with other mechanical and environmental loads [23]; the deterioration of concrete matrix by exposure to deicing salts is likely to foster the ingress of moisture, oxygen, and other aggressive agents (e.g., chloride anions) onto the surface of rebar or dowel bar and promote their corrosion in concrete [19, 28]
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