Abstract
Microgrids (MG) cluster are isolated from the utility grid but they have the potential to achieve better techno-economic performance by using joint energy and reserve sharing among MGs. This paper proposes a techno-economic framework for the optimal operation of isolated MGs-cluster by scheduling cooperative energy sharing and real-time reserve sharing for ancillary services based on the cooperative game theory. In the day-ahead scheduling, a coalitional sharing scheme is formulated as an adjustable robust optimization (ARO) problem to optimally schedule the energy and reserves of distributed generators (DGs) and energy storage systems (ESSs), thereby responding to the uncertainties of photovoltaic systems, wind turbines, and loads. These uncertainties are the main reason for power system imbalance which is mitigated by regulating the frequency in real-time and a dynamic droop control process is used to realize the reserves in a distributed manner. This control process is embedded into the ARO problem, which is formulated as an affine ARO problem and then transformed into a deterministic optimization problem that is solved by off-shore solvers Apart from the reduction in the operation cost, the frequency restoration can be improved jointly, resulting in the coupled techno-economic contribution of the MGs in the coalition. The contribution of each MG is quantified using shapely value, a cooperative game approach. Simulations are conducted for a case study with 4 MGs and the results demonstrate the merits of the proposed cooperative scheduling scheme.
Highlights
Due to the interconnection of distributed energy resources (DERs), e.g., wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic (PV) modules, distributed generators (DGs) (Ma et al, 2016; Hamidi et al, 2017; Lara et al, 2018) and energy storage systems (ESSs), microgrids (MGs) have been playing a crucial role in the development of smart grid technology
Since the MGs-cluster consists of a system of 4 MGs, 16 different alliances can be formed in the coalitional game
This study proposed a techno-economic framework for the optimal operation of isolated MGs-cluster by scheduling coalitional energy sharing and real-time reserve sharing for ancillary services such as frequency regulation caused by the uncertainty of PVs, WTs, and loads
Summary
Due to the interconnection of distributed energy resources (DERs), e.g., wind turbines (WTs), photovoltaic (PV) modules, distributed generators (DGs) (Ma et al, 2016; Hamidi et al, 2017; Lara et al, 2018) and energy storage systems (ESSs), microgrids (MGs) have been playing a crucial role in the development of smart grid technology. In (Rokrok et al, 2018), a contributing factor was introduced for reserve sharing among MGs and the grid to ensure that the system is in equilibrium with the load demand and that the economic impact due to reserve sharing is distributed among the MGs. Further-more, ancillary services regarding frequency support and voltage regulation could be potentially introduced by MGs (Anvari-Moghaddam et al, 2017). 2) To maintain the power system in equilibrium, market-based regulation services are provided by different MGs in a cluster; the coordination of these services and the provision of economic benefits for the MGs have not been considered To address these problems, we propose a scheduling model for energy sharing and reserve sharing for ancillary services to achieve the optimal operation of isolated MGs-cluster. (1) A techno-economic framework is proposed for the optimal operation of isolated MGs-cluster by scheduling cooperative energy sharing and real-time reserve sharing for ancillary services based on the cooperative game theory. In the coalitional operation of the MGs-clusters, the Shapley values are used to allocate economic benefits to individual MGs
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