Abstract
In this paper, the concept of fractional calculus (FC) is introduced into the sliding mode control (SMC), named fractional order SMC (FOSMC), for the load frequency control (LFC) of an islanded microgrid (MG). The studied MG is constructed from different autonomous generation components such as diesel engines, renewable sources, and storage devices, which are optimally planned to benefit customers. The coefficients embedded in the FOSMC structure play a vital role in the quality of controller commands, so there is a need for a powerful heuristic methodology in the LFC study to adjust the design coefficients in such a way that better transient output may be achieved for resistance to renewable sources fluctuations. Accordingly, the Sine Cosine algorithm (SCA) is effectively combined with the harmony search (HS) for the optimal setting of the controller coefficients. The Lyapunov function based on the FOSMC is formulated to guarantee the stability of the LFC mechanism for the test MG. Finally, the hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) experiments are carried out to ensure that the suggested controller can suppress the frequency fluctuations effectively, and that it provides more robust MG responses in comparison with the prior art techniques.
Highlights
Over the past decade, the reduction of conventional fossil fuel reserves, along with the environmental concerns about their burning, have led to the paradigm change toward the development of renewable energy sources (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine generator (WTG)systems penetrating into the power grid [1,2,3]
A microgrid is regarded as a regulated entity in the power plant and consists of various distributed generators (DGs) such as microsources, energy reserve devices, and loads which are locally integrated into the grid for the profit of the customers
By comparing the results of Case 1 and Case 2, it is shown that the performance of the designed load frequency control (LFC) controllers is deteriorated when the parametric variation is applied to the test MG
Summary
The reduction of conventional fossil fuel reserves, along with the environmental concerns about their burning, have led to the paradigm change toward the development of renewable energy sources (RESs), such as photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine generator (WTG). Several published works have been done to boost the strength of the SMC by combining it with H∞ control theory [20], fuzzy logic [21] and neural network [22], etc Implementing such sophisticated hybrid methodologies is a challenging duty for controller designers. A cooperative combination of the fractional order and SMC scheme is developed and implemented for the grid frequency control in a hybrid MG. The proposed FOSMC scheme offers superior frequency regulation of MGs, which are composed of numerous DGs and RESs, in comparison with the MPC and conventional SMC approaches. For investigating the performance and robustness of the suggested model-based FOSMC technique, experimental validation using hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulations are given in this paper
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