Abstract
BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine the optimal monochromatic spectral CT pulmonary angiography (sCTPA) levels to obtain the highest image quality and diagnostic confidence for pulmonary embolism detection.MethodsThe Institutional Review Board of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine approved this study, and written informed consent was obtained from all participating patients. Seventy-two patients with pulmonary embolism were scanned with spectral CT mode in the arterial phase. One hundred and one sets of virtual monochromatic spectral (VMS) images were generated ranging from 40 keV to 140 keV. Image noise, clot diameter and clot to artery contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) from seven sets of VMS images at selected monochromatic levels in sCTPA were measured and compared. Subjective image quality and diagnostic confidence for these images were also assessed and compared. Data were analyzed by paired t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test.ResultsThe lowest noise and the highest image quality score for the VMS images were obtained at 65 keV. The VMS images at 65 keV also had the second highest CNR value behind that of 50 keV VMS images. There was no difference in the mean noise and CNR between the 65 keV and 70 keV VMS images. The apparent clot diameter correlated with the keV levels.ConclusionsThe optimal energy level for detecting pulmonary embolism using dual-energy spectral CT pulmonary angiography was 65–70 keV. Virtual monochromatic spectral images at approximately 65–70 keV yielded the lowest image noise, high CNR and highest diagnostic confidence for the detection of pulmonary embolism.
Highlights
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has become the first-line imaging test for the assessment of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) [1,2,3,4,5]
The CT scan was triggered by a bolus tracking technique with the region of interest placed in the pulmonary trunk, and image acquisition started 7 s after the signal attenuation reached the predefined threshold of 100 Hounsfield units (HU)
Compared with the 65 keV virtual monochromatic spectral (VMS) images, the background image noise increases were 65.5% (50 keV), 33.8% (55 keV), 20.63% (60 keV), 4.4% (70 keV), 28.1% (75 keV), and 55.1% (80 keV) for the monochromatic images
Summary
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) has become the first-line imaging test for the assessment of patients with suspected acute pulmonary embolism (PE) [1,2,3,4,5]. Several studies have focused on the effective use of monochromatic images from spectral CT scans by selecting the optimal energy level (keV) to improve image quality and diagnostic confidence in the brain [17], liver [18,19], thoracic aneurysms [20] and pulmonary embolism [21]. These studies focused primarily on the contrast between the vessel and the background tissue [12,18,22] rather than testing the endoluminal changes at various peak kiloelectronvolt levels, or the possibility of reducing iodine load at a lower monochromatic energy level [23]. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal monochromatic spectral CT pulmonary angiography (sCTPA) levels to obtain the highest image quality and diagnostic confidence for pulmonary embolism detection
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