Optimal Inversion of Conversion Parameters from Satellite AOD to Ground Aerosol Extinction Coefficient Using Automatic Differentiation

Lianfa Li

doi:10.3390/rs12030492

Abstract

Satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) plays an important role for high spatiotemporal-resolution estimation of fine particulate matter with diameters ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5). However, the MODIS sensors aboard the Terra and Aqua satellites mainly measure column (integrated) AOD using the aerosol (extinction) coefficient integrated over all altitudes in the atmosphere, and column AOD is less related to PM2.5 than low-level or ground-based aerosol (extinction) coefficient (GAC). With recent development of automatic differentiation (AD) that has been widely applied in deep learning, a method using AD to find optimal solution of conversion parameters from column AOD to the simulated GAC is presented. Based on the computational graph, AD has considerably improved the efficiency in applying gradient descent to find the optimal solution for complex problems involving multiple parameters and spatiotemporal factors. In a case study of the Jing-Jin-Ji region of China for the estimation of PM2.5 in 2015 using the Multiangle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction AOD, the optimal solution of the conversion parameters was obtained using AD and the loss function of mean square error. This solution fairly modestly improved the Pearson’s correlation between simulated GAC and PM2.5 up to 0.58 (test R2: 0.33), in comparison with three existing methods. In the downstream validation, the simulated GACs were used to reliably estimate PM2.5, considerably improving test R2 up to 0.90 and achieving consistent match for GAC and PM2.5 in their spatial distribution and seasonal variations. With the availability of the AD tool, the proposed method can be generalized to the inversion of other similar conversion parameters in remote sensing.

Highlights

As one of the criteria air pollutants [1], particular matter (PM) refers to a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, including tiny inhalable particles that may penetrate the thoracic region of the respiratory system
The results show that the proposed conversion method achieved the best performance—the highest test correlation (0.58) with PM2.5 and highest test R2 (0.33) and lowest test root mean square error (RMSE) (56 μg/m3) for regression of PM2.5—compared with the other methods
The results show a better match between optimal simulated ground-based aerosol (extinction) coefficient (GAC) and PM2.5 than original aerosol optical depth (AOD)

Summary

Introduction

As one of the criteria air pollutants [1], particular matter (PM) refers to a mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in the air, including tiny inhalable particles that may penetrate the thoracic region of the respiratory system. Studies [2,3] show PMs with a diameter of less than 10 μm (PM10) and with a diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) are closely associated with short- (e.g., asthma, respiratory) and long-term (e.g., lung cancer, cardiopulmonary mortality) health effects. Several studies [4,5,6] have shown a significant association between PM2.5 and diabetes/neurological disorders. Given acute and long-term adverse health effects of PM2.5, its monitoring and accurate estimation are important for the studies of its health effects and control. Exhibiting an increasing trend, the number of PM2.5 monitoring stations is still limited worldwide, including in China [7]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion