Abstract
This study aimed to propose individual phase voltage regulation strategies using the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) in the IEEE 8500-node large-scale unbalanced distribution network with high photovoltaic (PV) penetration. The proposed approach is capable of individual phase regulation, which coordinates the on-load tap changer (OLTC), voltage regulator (VR), switched capacitor bank (SCB), and volt–var setting controlled by a smart inverter to improve voltage variation and unbalance. Consequently, the change time of VRs, the switched times of SCBs, and the individual phase voltage magnitude and unbalance ratio are considered in the fitness function for the SSA. The simulation scenarios fully consider the unbalanced load conditions and PV power output patterns, and the numerical results demonstrate that the voltage variation and unbalance are clearly improved, by 15% and 26%, respectively. The fitness values, operation times of OLTC, VR, and SCB, and the settings of the volt–var controlled smart inverter are also optimized by the SSA. The outcomes of this study are helpful for distribution system operators in formulating voltage control strategies corresponding to different system conditions.
Highlights
The outcomes of the volt–var control optimization algorithm are presented including the objective functions mentioned above, such as voltage variation, three-phase voltage unbalance, tap positions of voltage regulator (VR), and switched capacitor bank (SCB) status
Boxplots are used to illustrate the bus voltage spread of the simulation results; the interquartile range represents the data between 25% and 75%, and outliers are observations that are range represents the data between 25% and 75%, and outliers are observations that are numerically distant from the remainder of the data, e.g., 1.5 times outside the interquartile range
The volt–var control settings of individual phase smart inverters distributed in distribution networks (DNs) were optimized by the sparrow search algorithm (SSA) in this study to obtain a voltage regulation strategy that improves the bus voltage variation, bus sequence voltage unbalance, and the voltage regulation equipment operation times
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The use of renewable energy increased by 3% in 2020 as the global demand for other fossil fuels decreased, consistent with 7% growth in electricity power generation from renewable energy resources, such as wind turbine and photovoltaic (PV) sources [1]. Renewable energy resources currently play an important role in power system planning, operation, and control, and will continue to do so in the future. Among the vertical structures of power systems in Taiwan, the large-scale wind and PV farms, which have an installation capacity of nearly 20 MW, are interconnected in transmission or sub-transmission networks
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