Optimal homotopy analysis of unsteady second-grade tri-hybrid nanofluid flow with radiative impact between parallel disks

Abstract

The research explored the critical examination of unsteady second-grade Tri-hybrid nanofluid flow between parallel disks within a Darcy-Forchheimer medium with porosity. The study focusses on a fluid comprised of Au, TiO2, and Ag solid nanoparticles within blood, encompassing various shapes such as brick, blade, and platelet. It thoroughly investigated the impacts of Soret and Dufour effects in conjunction with MHD, joule heating, and the presence of a heat source. Furthermore, it elucidated thermally radiative effects and considers slip and convective boundary conditions, as well as mass transfer with a chemical reaction. The research also encompassed the influence of suction/injection on the squeezing flow. As the second-grade fluid parameter increases, the velocity of the fluid rises, especially when the η < 0.4. However, when η > 0.4, the velocity decreases. Additionally, the Biot numbers exhibit different effects depending on their application to the lower and upper disks. Specifically, Bi1 enhances the system's temperature, while Bi2 reduces it. The comprehensive mathematical formulation incorporates all these effects, later transformed into ODEs using similarity transformation conditions. Employing the optimal homotopy analysis technique in Mathematica software, the study graphically characterized velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles. The research's credibility is ascertained through validation against previous work by other researchers.