Optimal foraging and intraspecific diet differences in the lizard Cnemidophorus sexlineatus.

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that adult and juvenile six-lined racerunners, Cnemidophorus sexlineatus, consume different sizes and taxa of arthropod prey. the purpose of this study was to determine if these differences could be explained in terms of energy cost and benefit parameters as related by the optimal diet model. Handling times and encounter rates with each of five categories of prey were determined by direct observation of lizard foraging behavior in the field. Energetic cost of search and energy content of prey were estimated from data in the literature. Mean values of all these parameters were used in the classic optimal diet model to determine which prey types yield the greatest rate of net energy gain for adult and juvenile racerunners. Grasshopper-like insects were the most valuable prey for adults, whereas plant and ground arthropods were the most valuable prey for juveniles. These findings correspond to the age-class specific diet differences.Each age-class adopts foraging tactics that increase the chance of finding the most valuable prey. Adult racerunners move hastily over a large area to find the relatively rare, but large and mobile grasshopper prey. Juveniles move much more slowly, and carefully investigate twigs and leaves to find smaller, cryptic plant and ground arthropods. However these foraging tactics do not preclude the taking of less valuable prey items, should they be encountered. This is because it is energetically better on average to eat the prey item rather than skipping it to search for better prey, except for the case of juvenile racerunners eating grasshoppers. That juvenile racerunners will attempt to capture and consume even very large grasshoppers is contrary to the expectations derived from the optimal diet model. This behavior may be the result of the foraging "rule of thumb" racerunners use to find their prey.