Abstract
The performance of lithium-ion batteries will inevitably degrade during the high frequently charging/discharging load applied in electric vehicles. For hybrid electric vehicles, battery aging not only declines the performance and reliability of the battery itself, but it also affects the whole energy efficiency of the vehicle since the engine has to participate more. Therefore, the energy management strategy is required to be adjusted during the entire lifespan of lithium-ion batteries to maintain the optimality of energy economy. In this study, tests of the battery performances under thirteen different aging stages are involved and a parameters-varying battery model that represents the battery degradation is established. The influences of battery aging on energy consumption of a given plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) are analyzed quantitatively. The results indicate that the variations of capacity and internal resistance are the main factors while the polarization and open circuit voltage (OCV) have a minor effect on the energy consumption. Based on the above efforts, the optimal energy management strategy is proposed for optimizing the energy efficiency concerning both the fresh and aging batteries in PHEV. The presented strategy is evaluated by a simulation study with different driving cycles, illustrating that it can balance out some of the harmful effects that battery aging can have on energy efficiency. The energy consumption is reduced by up to 2.24% compared with that under the optimal strategy without considering the battery aging.
Highlights
With the deepening of environmental deterioration and energy crisis issues, developing high efficient and clean automobiles has been recognized as a matter of global significance [1]
Gao et al [15] proposed a deterministic rule-based energy management strategy for plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) focused on all electric range and charge depletion range operations, which has been verified by an example passenger car in a typical urban driving cycle; Schouten et al [16] presented a fuzzy logic-based energy management strategy to improve the fuel economy of the parallel hybrid electric vehicle; Ali et al [17] proposed a fuzzy logic control for electric vehicles, the presented method can achieve an efficient and fast-charging of the lithium-ion batteries
The battery behaviors under 13 different aging conditions are investigated experimentally, experimentally, based on which, an aging-conscious battery model is proposed for energy management based on which, an aging-conscious battery model is proposed for energy management application
Summary
With the deepening of environmental deterioration and energy crisis issues, developing high efficient and clean automobiles has been recognized as a matter of global significance [1]. Gao et al [15] proposed a deterministic rule-based energy management strategy for PHEV focused on all electric range and charge depletion range operations, which has been verified by an example passenger car in a typical urban driving cycle; Schouten et al [16] presented a fuzzy logic-based energy management strategy to improve the fuel economy of the parallel hybrid electric vehicle; Ali et al [17] proposed a fuzzy logic control for electric vehicles, the presented method can achieve an efficient and fast-charging of the lithium-ion batteries. Larsson et al [21] investigated the DP-based energy management strategy to minimize the fuel consumption of a hybrid electric vehicle and discussed how much computational demand can be reduced The drawback of these global optimization algorithm-based strategies is that they can barely be implemented in real-time control due to their dependence on an a priori known speed profile.
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