Abstract
BackgroundLimited clinical studies describe the pharmacodynamics of fosfomycin (FOS), tigecycline (TGC) and colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) in combination against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp). Population pharmacokinetic models were used in our study. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to calculate probability of target attainment (PTA) and cumulative fraction of response (CFR) of each agent alone and in combination against KPC-Kp in patients with normal or decreased renal function.ResultsThe simulated regimen of FOS 6 g q8h reached ≥90% PTA against a MIC of 64 mg/L in patients with normal renal function. For patients with renal impairment, FOS 4 g q8h could provide sufficient antimicrobial coverage against a MIC of 128 mg/L. And increasing the daily dose could result to the cut-off value to 256 mg/L in decreased renal function. For TGC, conventional dosing regimens failed to reach 90% PTA against a MIC of 2 mg/L. Higher loading and daily doses (TGC 200/400 mg loading doses followed by 100 mg q12h/200 mg q24h) were needed. For CMS, none achieved 90% PTA against a MIC of 2 mg/L in normal renal function. Against KPC-Kp, the regimens of 200/400 mg loading dose followed by 100 q12h /200 mg q24h achieved > 80% CFRs regardless of renal function, followed by CMS 9 million IU loading dose followed by 4.5/3 million IU q12h in combination with FOS 8 g q8h (CFR 75–91%).ConclusionsThe use of a loading dose and high daily dose of TGC and CMS in combination with FOS can provide sufficient antimicrobial coverage against critically ill patients infected with KPC-Kp.
Highlights
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an increasingly important bacterial pathogen that causes severe lift-threatening diseases [1]
Data from China Antimicrobial Surveillance Network (CHINET) indicated the resistance rate to imipenem in K. pneumoniae isolates has increased from 0.4% in 2005 to 25.0% in 2018 [2, 3]
Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for FOS was performed by the agar dilution method and the MICs of TGC and CST were tested by broth microdilution method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines [21]
Summary
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an increasingly important bacterial pathogen that causes severe lift-threatening diseases [1]. As an in vitro susceptibility is insufficient to choose rational antibiotic or dosing regimens in clinic, the introduction of population pharmacokinetics (PK) with monte carlo simulation (MCS) integrates population-PK parameters and populationminimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) pathogen data together to calculate the likelihood of achieving a certain target [9]. This approach may be applied to optimize dosing regimens, maximize the desired effects, and reevaluate reasonable clinical breakpoints. Limited clinical studies describe the pharmacodynamics of fosfomycin (FOS), tigecycline (TGC) and colistin methanesulfonate (CMS) in combination against KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-Kp). Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to calculate probability of target attainment (PTA) and cumulative fraction of response (CFR) of each agent alone and in combination against KPC-Kp in patients with normal or decreased renal function
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