Abstract
This paper deals with the multi-objective operation of battery energy storage systems (BESS) in AC distribution systems using a convex reformulation. The objective functions are CO2 emissions, and the costs of the daily energy losses are considered. The conventional non-linear nonconvex branch multi-period optimal power flow model is reformulated with a second-order cone programming (SOCP) model, which ensures finding the global optimum for each point present in the Pareto front. The weighting factors methodology is used to convert the multi-objective model into a convex single-objective model, which allows for finding the optimal Pareto front using an iterative search. Two operational scenarios regarding BESS are considered: (i) a unity power factor operation and (ii) a variable power factor operation. The numerical results demonstrate that including the reactive power capabilities in BESS reduces 200 kg of CO2 emissions and USD 80 per day of operation. All of the numerical validations were developed in MATLAB 2020b with the CVX tool and the SEDUMI and SDPT3 solvers.
Highlights
Accepted: 3 December 2021Energy storage systems play a key role in technological and industrial development, with applications in the smartphone, computers, conventional and electric vehicles, distribution networks, and renewable electricity generation [1,2,3], among others
Efficient energy management strategies must be designed considering non-linear characteristics of the converters that interface them with the electrical grid, which requires applying non-linear control methods for an adequate operation of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and their local and or global dynamic stability [13,14]
The mathematical model (1)–(13) that represents the multi-objective operation of energy storage systems in alternating current distribution networks is interpreted as follows: Equations (1) and (2) define the objective functions of interest, the first of which being related to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions associated with carbon dioxide, and the second being related to the daily cost of energy losses in conductors of the distribution network
Summary
Energy storage systems play a key role in technological and industrial development, with applications in the smartphone, computers, conventional and electric vehicles, distribution networks, and renewable electricity generation [1,2,3], among others. A multi-purpose convex formulation for the efficient operation of energy storage systems in alternating current distribution networks, considering the simultaneous minimization of carbon dioxide emissions in diesel plants and energy losses in conductors To this end, a reformulation of the second-order cone programming model of the multi-period optimal flow problem is proposed, with the main advantage of ensuring that the global optimum is found; The application of the weighted weights method to transform the multi-objective optimization model into a single-objective equivalent, which is iteratively solved to obtain the Pareto optimal front by solving this model using the Self-Dual-Minimization (SeDuMi) and SemiDefinite Programming (SDPT3) tools available in the MATLAB.
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