Optimal economic distribution of PHEVs in DLC program to alternative charging stations

Abstract

Optimal participation of charging stations is considered to increase the performance of smart grids. During the implementation of the direct load control (DLC) demand response program (DRP), the optimal distribution of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) from primary charging stations (PCSs) to alternative or secondary charging stations (SCSs) could alleviate congestion of charging stations, power lines, and traffic of paths. To this end, the optimal economic dispatch of charging stations during the self-healing period in three proposed managerial modes, including 1) equal-economic optimization (EEO), 2) economic optimization (EO), and 3) priority-economic optimization (PEO) has been performed. The results show the maximum reduction in incentive costs for the operating company and taken times for customers. Execution of operations in urban areas, the ability to be combined with electricity grid constraints, and attention to the responsiveness of SCSs are other advantages. The project optimizations and calculations with numerical experiments based on Gams solution approach are performed.