Abstract
Generation system interruptions in net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) may result in missing the net-zero targets by a great margin. Consequently, it is significant to incorporate a realistic reliability model for renewable energy systems (RESs) that considers aging and long-term weather conditions. This study proposed a robust design optimization method that deals with the selection of RES to achieve NZEB. Different case studies were evaluated: 1. Deterministic approach; 2. Markov chain-based reliability without the aging effect; 3. Markov chain-based reliability with the aging effect. The results showed that the optimal sizes of RES, considering the aging effect, were much larger than the other two cases based on the annual energy balance. Moreover, the consideration of the aging effect on the reliability assessment of the generation system for NZEB opens a pathway for a more robust and economic design of RES.
Highlights
Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have been widely recognized as a promising way to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems
The number of years concerned for net energy balance evaluation may have a great impact on system selection and net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) performance since the degeneration of renewable energy systems (RESs) due to the aging effect was considered
This study proposed a robust design optimization method for renewable energy systems in net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) by considering the reliability of generation systems based on the Markov chain model
Summary
Net-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) have been widely recognized as a promising way to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems. Three approaches have been identified to be key factors for achieving NZEB: (1) passive design strategy (e.g., building orientation, cooling/heating strategy) [3,4]; (2) energy efficiency technologies (e.g., HVAC, lighting, and appliances) [5,6]; (3) energy production technologies (e.g., combined cooling, heat and power, battery, photovoltaic panel, and wind turbine) [7,8]. The literature presents many models on NZEB, for instance, the investigation conducted by Thalfeldt et al [3] on optimal cost solutions regarding building facade solutions (i.e., the ratio of window-to-wall, external wall insulation, window properties, and shading) for nearly zero energy buildings. Wu et al [5] investigated HVAC technologies for a residential NZEB in order to achieve the target of energy-saving, cost-effective, and comfortable indoor environment.
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