Abstract
This paper focuses on the optimal intraday scheduling of a distribution system that includes renewable energy (RE) generation, energy storage systems (ESSs), and thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). This system also provides time-of-use pricing to customers. Unlike previous studies, this study attempts to examine how to optimize the allocation of electric energy and to improve the equilibrium of the load curve. Accordingly, we propose a concept of load equilibrium entropy to quantify the overall equilibrium of the load curve and reflect the allocation optimization of electric energy. Based on this entropy, we built a novel multi-objective optimal dispatching model to minimize the operational cost and maximize the load curve equilibrium. To aggregate TCLs into the optimization objective, we introduced the concept of a virtual power plant (VPP) and proposed a calculation method for VPP operating characteristics based on the equivalent thermal parameter model and the state-queue control method. The Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm was employed to solve the optimization problems. The simulation results illustrated that the proposed dispatching model can achieve cost reductions of system operations, peak load curtailment, and efficiency improvements, and also verified that the load equilibrium entropy can be used as a novel index of load characteristics.
Highlights
The rapid development of modern society has brought with it issues, including energy shortages and environmental pollution
Where PW,t and PPV,t refer to the real power of the wind farm and the PV power station at time t; PTR,t is electrical energy purchased from the grid; Pload,t is the original system load at time t; PTOU,t represents load variation on account of TOU tariff; PE,t refers to the charge/discharge power of the storage battery at time t; PVPP,n,t is the real power of virtual power plant (VPP) n at time t
When compared to the original scenario (Figure 3), when considering the energy storage and implementation of demand response (DR), the simulation results of load curves confirm that three models all accomplish the objective of decreasing the difference between peak and valley demand
Summary
The rapid development of modern society has brought with it issues, including energy shortages and environmental pollution. The distribution system in this paper includes a wind farm, a PV power station, an energy storage system (ESS), and thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs). This distribution system provides time-of-use (TOU) pricing to customers. Cobelo and Oyarzabal proposed an optimization algorithm to manage a VPP composed of a large number of customers with thermostatically controlled appliances [26] They did not illustrate how to calculate generation limits and operating costs of the VPP. The focus of this paper is on intraday scheduling of a distribution system with the wind farm, the PV power station, the ESS, and TCLs. Based on load equilibrium entropy, we propose a multi-objective optimization model to simultaneously optimize scheduling costs and load equilibrium.
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