Abstract
Phase estimation is a central goal of optical interferometry, with applications ranging from gravitational-wave detection to fiber-optic sensing. Recent progress has focused on the use of nonclassical light to improve performance, but that approach is often unreasonably complicated. The authors reexamine the simple, passive Mach-Zehnder interferometer by linearizing the phase-estimation problem, for straightforward computation of an efficient estimator, which is then used to compare several detection schemes for two- and four-output interferometers. Independent monitoring of all available output ports leads to the best overall sensitivity, and allows cancellation of amplitude noise.
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