Abstract
This paper introduces the major priorities of the automotive industry of reducing energy consumption and emissions of the passenger cars of the future and of delivering an efficient mobility service for customers. The number of electric vehicles and hybrid electric vehicles is increasing in the mobility market. The problems of the range and the energy storage of the vehicle on board are important. This paper studies the energy system of electric vehicles for different ranges and mobility usages. A multi-objective optimization method is applied to estimate the optimal vehicle energy system designs for urban mobility and for long way electric mobility (> 500 km). Optimal designs considering technical, economic and environmental criteria are presented. The relations between the vehicle ranges and the energy densities of high voltage batteries are illustrated. The boundary of the system is extended to the vehicles and the grid system, including the charging infrastructure. The vehicle energy systems and recharging needs are analysed for a range of 500 km on electric drive.
Highlights
The electrification of vehicles is driven by the trend for decarbonisation and emission reduction of road transport.Around 2030, electric vehicles are predicted to increase their market penetration and to bring evolution concerning the main technologies for energy storage and conversion, powertrain components and energy management [1]
One can see that for battery types with specific efficiency of 90 Wh/kg the maximal range is estimated at 380 km. For this solution the vehicle cost is estimated to be 76000 € and the Global Warming Potential (GWP) is estimated to be 18000 kg CO2 eq For the battery with specific energy of 180 Wh/kg, the maximal range is 480 km, with a vehicle cost of 68000 € and GWP of 12000 kg CO2 eq For the battery with specific energy of 400 Wh/kg, the maximal range is 550 km, with a vehicle cost of 63000 € and GWP of 8000 kg CO2 eq The first conclusion is that the increase of the specific energy increases the autonomy, and decreases the battery capacity that is needed to be stored on board
This paper presents an energy system study of electric vehicles
Summary
The electrification of vehicles is driven by the trend for decarbonisation and emission reduction of road transport. The first category will develop in small and middle segments (A/B/C) and they represent a more optimized range/cost solution enabling a very big market penetration with considerable impact on greenhouse emissions reduction. The ranges of these vehicles are adapted for ranges of 200 km and are suited for urban and sub-urban use. The major challenge is to achieve significant cost reduction of the battery and the propulsion system components The introduction of these vehicles is related to the support of the governmental policies (transportation energy taxes, city centre driving), the infrastructure deployment and the cost of electricity. Su and Sioshansi develop in [7] a model to optimize the location of public fast charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs).
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