Optimal Design of Macroscopic Water and Energy Networks

Abstract

Water scarcity has led to an increase in the extraction of fresh water from aquifers, dams and lakes in certain regions where water availability is low. It has created serious problems in overexploitation of ground and surface water resources. This issue has been intensified due to population growth and increases in energy and water demands in the industry, agriculture, and households. In this chapter, a mathematical model for energy and water distribution networks in a macroscopic system is proposed. This model considers that the water and electricity demands can be satisfied by the existing power plants in the region and the installation of new power-desalination plants. Also, the model considers that the water demand can be satisfied by supplying water from dams, rivers, and aquifers. The model considers a macroscopic system that involves several cities in a water-stressed region. It accounts for variations in water demands throughout the year, for domestic, agricultural, and industrial users. The model considers both installation costs and operating costs of the new power-desalination plants, the installation of new storage tanks, pumping, and piping costs. The results show attractive solutions, where interesting economic profits can be obtained as well as the potential recharge of aquifers can be achieved.