Optimal Design of Hybrid PV-Battery System in Residential Buildings: End-User Economics, and PV Penetration

Imane Worighi,Thomas Geury,Joeri Van Mierlo,Omar Hegazy,Abdelilah Maach,Mohamed El Baghdadi

doi:10.3390/app9051022

Abstract

This paper proposes an optimal design for hybrid grid-connected Photovoltaic (PV) Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs). A smart grid consisting of PV generation units, stationary Energy Storage Systems (ESSs), and domestic loads develops a multi-objective optimization algorithm. The optimization aims at minimizing the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and the Voltage Deviation (VD) while considering the direct and indirect costs for the prosumer, and the system stability with regard to intermittent PV generation. The optimal solution for the optimization of the PV-battery system sizing with regard to economic viability and the stability of operation is found while using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the Pareto front. In addition, a fuzzy logic-based controller is developed to schedule the charging and discharging of batteries while considering the technical and economic aspects, such as battery State of Charge (SoC), voltage profile, and on/off-peak times to shave the consumption peaks. Thus, a hybrid approach that combines a Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) and the GA is developed for the optimal sizing of the combined Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) and ESSs, resulting in reductions of approximately 4% and 17% for the TCO and the VD, respectively. Furthermore, a sensitivity cost-effectiveness analysis of the complete system is conducted to highlight and assess the profitability and the high dependency of the optimal system configuration on battery prices.

Highlights

Recent studies indicate that the world energy consumption will increase from 575 quadrillionBritish thermal units (Btu) in 2015, to 663 quadrillion Btu by 2030, and to 736 quadrillion Btu by2040 [1]
A sensitivity analysis for different Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) costs is conducted to assess the effect on the profitability, since there is no direct subsidy for Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESSs) in Europe
Optimization is used for optimal sizing of the system and it is coupled with a real-time Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC)-based controller, which ensures the proper integration of the system into a Smart Grid (SG) infrastructure, with respect to technical and economic aspects

Summary

Introduction

Recent studies indicate that the world energy consumption will increase from 575 quadrillionBritish thermal units (Btu) in 2015, to 663 quadrillion Btu by 2030, and to 736 quadrillion Btu by2040 [1]. Recent studies indicate that the world energy consumption will increase from 575 quadrillion. British thermal units (Btu) in 2015, to 663 quadrillion Btu by 2030, and to 736 quadrillion Btu by. Carbon dioxide annual emissions are expected to reach 45.5 billion metric tons in. It leads to significant ecological degradation, and security crises and it engenders economic growth limitations [2]. The European Commission (EC) has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to at least 40% below the 1990 level by. In December 2015, the 21st session of the Conference of the Parties (COP 21) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Paris, France ended with the landmark agreement to reduce GHG emissions by 80% by year 2050, and enhance the use of.

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Conclusion