Abstract
To mitigate mechanical and chemical degradation of active materials, hollow core–shell structures have been applied in lithium ion batteries. Without embedding of lithium ions, the rigid coating shell can constrain the inward volume deformation. In this paper, optimal conditions for the full use of inner hollow space are identified in terms of the critical ratio of shell thickness and inner size and the state of charge. It is shown that the critical ratios are 0.10 and 0.15 for Si particle and tube (0.12 and 0.18 for Sn particle and tube), and above which there is lack of space for further lithiation.
Highlights
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with the highest energy densities among all rechargeable batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices such as cell phones, digital cameras, laptops, and tablet E-book readers [1]
A key issue is that how much of the inner space is optimal for hollow core–shell structures
SOC can be determined by the volume ratio before and after being fully charged in a specimen, that is, SOC = CV0/CV = V0/V, where V0 and V are the consumed volumes of active materials for the given and full charge stages, respectively
Summary
Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) with the highest energy densities among all rechargeable batteries have been widely used in portable electronic devices such as cell phones, digital cameras, laptops, and tablet E-book readers [1]. All the relevant research works are more or less related to the lithium ion diffusion-induced stress evolution in electrode materials during electrochemical cycling [6,7]. Extensive investigations have been carried out toward modeling the stress evolution with lithium ion diffusion [14,15,16,17].
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