Abstract
Real-time monitoring of the power system by phasor measurement units (PMUs) leads to the development of such devices in a wide area measurement system (WAMS). However, the power system observability cannot be obtained by employing only PMUs. The communication infrastructure (CI) is a significant part of the WAMS that has to be optimally designed and implemented to collect data from PMUs and deliver them to control centers. In this paper, a novel hybrid wireless sensor network is proposed for the connection of PMUs throughout the system to enable convenient and low-cost communication media. The problem of observability in the communication system is checked along with the optimal placement of PMUs in the power system to reach full observability. A hybrid wireless sensor network including plug-in powered sensor nodes (PPSNs) and energy harvesting sensor nodes (EHSNs) is utilized for increasing the reliability of the communication system. In the proposed co-optimal PMU-sensor placement problem, the main objective is to minimize the total cost of PMU placement and the related communication system, considering full observability of the power system and CI. To achieve better results, the zero-injection bus (ZIB) effect and system observability redundancy index (SORI) are considered as a constraint in the objective function. A binary-coded genetic algorithm is used for solving the proposed mixed-objective optimization problem subject to different technical operating constraints. The proposed method is examined on IEEE 13-bus and IEEE 37-bus test feeder systems. The results show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed method compared with the conventional methods in this subject area.
Highlights
Today’s increasing electricity consumption, together with the restructuring of power systems, causes new challenges in the operation, control, and monitoring of such networks
An efficient and low-cost communication infrastructure is proposed based on plug-in powered sensor nodes (PPSNs) and energy harvesting sensor nodes (EHSNs) to enable secure communications among phasor measurement units (PMUs) and the control center, The combination of PPSNs and EHSNs for setting up the communication infrastructure in the power system is analyzed in terms of economy and observability, The impacts of zero-injection bus (ZIB) and system observability redundancy index (SORI) are simultaneously investigated in designing a communication infrastructure
The existence of PMUs and considering the effect of ZIBs can decrease the number of measurement devices that are needed for full observability of the power system
Summary
Today’s increasing electricity consumption, together with the restructuring of power systems, causes new challenges in the operation, control, and monitoring of such networks. Conventional measurement (CM) assets in a network such as injection measurement (IM), voltage measurement (VM), and power flow measurement (PFM) units play an important role in the OPP problem, as pepper modeling of CMs and ZIBs can decrease the number of PMUs for the observability of WAMS. The optimal PMU and their communication links’ placement is done using a combination of PPSNs and EHSNs. The objective function includes the total cost minimization subject to power system observability and communication constraints. An efficient and low-cost communication infrastructure is proposed based on PPSNs and EHSNs to enable secure communications among PMUs and the control center, The combination of PPSNs and EHSNs for setting up the communication infrastructure in the power system is analyzed in terms of economy and observability, The impacts of ZIB and SORI are simultaneously investigated in designing a communication infrastructure.
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