Abstract
In this study, an optimal vibration-based energy harvesting system using magnetostrictivematerial (MsM) was designed and tested to enable the powering of a wireless sensor. Inparticular, the conversion efficiency, converting from magnetic to electric energy, isapproximately modeled from the magnetic field induced by the beam vibration. A numberof factors that affect the output power such as the number of MsM layers, coil design andload matching are analyzed and explored in the design optimization. From themeasurements, the open-circuit voltage can reach 1.5 V when the MsM cantilever beamoperates at the second natural frequency 324 Hz. The AC output power is 970 µW, giving a powerdensity of 279 µW cm − 3. The attempt to use electrical reactive components (either inductors or capacitors) toresonate the system at any frequency has also been analyzed and tested experimentally.The results showed that this approach is not feasible to optimize the power. Since the MsMdevice has low output voltage characteristics, a full-wave quadrupler has beendesigned to boost the rectified output voltage. To deliver the maximum outputpower to the load, a complex conjugate impedance matching between the load andthe MsM device is implemented using a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM)buck-boost converter. The DC output power after the voltage quadrupler reaches 705 µW and the correspondingpower density is 202 µW cm − 3. The output power delivered to a lithium rechargeable battery is around 630 µW, independent of the load resistance.
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