Abstract
Energy storage systems (ESSs) can enhance the performance of energy networks in multiple ways; they can compensate the stochastic nature of renewable energies and support their large-scale integration into the grid environment. Energy storage options can also be used for economic operation of energy systems to cut down system’s operating cost. By utilizing ESSs, it is very possible to store energy in off-peak hours with lower cost and energize the grid during peak load intervals avoiding high price spikes. Application of ESSs will also enable better utilization of distributed energy sources and provide higher controllability at supply/demand side which is helpful for load leveling or peak shaving purposes. Last but not least, ESSs can provide frequency regulation services in off-grid locations where there is a strong need to meet the power balance in different operating conditions. Each of the abovementioned applications of energy storage units requires certain performance measures and constraints, which has to be well considered in design phase and embedded in control and management strategies. This chapter mainly focuses on these aspects and provides a general framework for optimal design and operation management of battery-based ESSs in energy networks.
Highlights
Nowadays, due to the increased operation and maintenance cost and issues related to transportation of fuels, conventional ways of power generation are no longer an optimal solution.146 Advancements in Energy Storage TechnologiesWith more concerns about environmental footprints and global warming together with the steady progress in green technologies, renewable energy resources (RESs) are deemed to be key enablers for sustainable energy development, cost-effective operations, and pollutant emission prevention
Ccap is the initial capital cost of the is the capital recovery factor defined in Eq (4) to calculate annual equal payments over the lifetime of the Based Energy Storage Systems (BESS) based on the initial capital cost, and CO & M is the annual cost of operation and maintenance (€): CRF = _i_r (_1_+_ir_)n_
(1 + ir)n − 1 where i r is the interest rate (between for such projects and n is the Another popular metric used in renewable plants is the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) which indicates the total cost of energy by taking into account the cost of all equipment involved in energy production over their entire lifetime
Summary
Optimal Design and Operation Management of Battery-Based Energy Storage Systems (BESS) in Microgrids.
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