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Abstract
Underwater acoustic sensor networks have recently attracted considerable attention as demands on the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) increase. In terms of efficiency, it is important to achieve the maximum communication coverage using a limited number of sensor nodes while maintaining communication connectivity. In 2017, Kim and Choi proposed a new deployment algorithm using the communication performance surface, which is a geospatial information map representing the underwater acoustic communication performance of a targeted underwater area. In that work, each sensor node was a vertically separated hydrophone array, which measures acoustic pressure (a scalar quantity). Although an array receiver is an effective system to eliminate inter-symbol interference caused by multipath channel impulse responses in underwater communication environments, a large-scale receiver system degrades the spatial efficiency. In this paper, single-vector sensors measuring the particle velocity are used as underwater sensor nodes. A single-vector sensor can be considered to be a single-input multiple-output communication system because it measures the three directional components of particle velocity. Our simulation results show that the optimal deployment obtained using single-vector sensor nodes is more effective than that obtained using a hydrophone (three-channel vertical-pressure sensor) array.
Highlights
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) are widely used in several applications such as target detection and tracking, ocean pollution monitoring, and various ocean data collection techniques [1,2,3,4]
It was assumed in most previous studies that the communication ranges of all underwater sensor nodes were identical
The algorithm proposed by Kim and Choi finds the best locations of the sensor nodes based on a communication performance surface (PS), which represents the spatial distribution of the relative performances in an underwater communication system
Summary
Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs) are widely used in several applications such as target detection and tracking, ocean pollution monitoring, and various ocean data collection techniques [1,2,3,4]. Most attempts have assumed that the communication performance of every node deployed at the target underwater area is the same without considering variations in the ocean environment. Sensors 2019, 19, 2885 organisms such as barnacles and algae might build up on a transducer as time goes on, which can block the communication signals, causing data corruption For these reasons, underwater acoustic modems should be energy-efficient and resistant to biofouling [12]. A vector sensor measuring the particle velocity is used as a sensor node of a UWASN, with the aim of improving the communication performance and the spatial efficiency.
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