Abstract
The unpredictable increase in electrical demand affects the quality of the energy throughout the network. A solution to the problem is the increase of distributed generation units, which burn fossil fuels. While this is an immediate solution to the problem, the ecosystem is affected by the emission of CO2. A promising solution is the integration of Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (DRES) with the conventional electrical system, thus introducing the concept of Smart Microgrids (SMG). These SMGs require a safe, reliable and technically planned two-way communication system. This paper presents a heuristic based on planning capable of providing a bidirectional communication that is near optimal. The model follows the structure of a hybrid Fiber-Wireless (FiWi) network with the purpose of obtaining information of electrical parameters that help us to manage the use of energy by integrating conventional electrical system with SMG. The optimization model is based on clustering techniques, through the construction of balanced conglomerates. The method is used for the development of the clusters along with the Nearest-Neighbor Spanning Tree algorithm (N-NST). Additionally, the Optimal Delay Balancing (ODB) model will be used to minimize the end to end delay of each grouping. In addition, the heuristic observes real design parameters such as: capacity and coverage. Using the Dijkstra algorithm, the routes are built following the shortest path. Therefore, this paper presents a heuristic able to plan the deployment of Smart Meters (SMs) through a tree-like hierarchical topology for the integration of SMG at the lowest cost.
Highlights
Nowadays, the need to integrate modern technologies in conventional electrical distribution systems is of crucial importance in terms of optimization, security, confidence, reliability and energy efficiency [1]
It is very important to point out that each cluster of the present paper is formed with a method that is different from the conventional clustering methods (k-means, k-medoid and mean shift)
The heuristic proposed allows practitioners to deploy the necessary number of Universal Data Aggregation Point (UDAP) for the monitoring, supervision and control of conventional electrical network, providing coverage to a number n of Smart Meters (SMs) and making possible the integration of microgrids with the conventional electrical system
Summary
The need to integrate modern technologies in conventional electrical distribution systems is of crucial importance in terms of optimization, security, confidence, reliability and energy efficiency [1]. One of the critical issues in power distribution systems is the uncontrollable increase in demand. This is mainly due to the increase in consumers and the increasingly high dependence on electricity for heating and cooling. Institutions should encourage Demand Side Management (DSM), which becomes viable by implementing robust bidirectional communication systems [2]. These systems need appropriate hybrid topologies to allow the communication network to provide the user with reliability and safety
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