Abstract
Electric vehicles (EVs) are designed to improve the efficiency of energy and prevent the environment from being polluted, when they are widely and reasonably used in the transport system. However, due to the feature of EV’s batteries, the charging problem plays an important role in the application of EVs. Fortunately, with the help of advanced technologies, charging stations powered by smart grid operators (SGOs) can easily and conveniently solve the problems and supply charging service to EV users. In this paper, we consider that EVs will be charged by charging station operators (CSOs) in heterogeneous networks (Hetnet), through which they can exchange the information with each other. Considering the trading relationship among EV users, CSOs, and SGOs, we design their own utility functions in Hetnet, where the demand uncertainty is taken into account. In order to maximize the profits, we formulate this charging problem as a four-stage Stackelberg game, through which the optimal strategy is studied and analyzed. In the Stackelberg game model, we theoretically prove and discuss the existence and uniqueness of the Stackelberg equilibrium (SE). Using the proposed iterative algorithm, the optimal solution can be obtained in the optimization problem. The performance of the strategy is shown in the simulation results. It is shown that the simulation results confirm the efficiency of the model in Hetnet.
Highlights
Electric vehicles (EVs) with low gas emission and environment protection have attracted much attention and have been widely applied in some countries when harsh environment problems are exposed in the world, such as energy shortage, air pollution, and the greenhouse effect [1,2,3,4].Considering the increasing number of electric vehicles (EVs), many more charging stations have been built to supply charging service
In order to obtain the optimal strategy, we propose a four-stage Stackelberg game scheme, in which smart grid operators (SGOs) is set as the leader, while both EV users and charging station operators (CSOs) are set as followers
Discount charging amount for each EV user ai for SGO i bi for SGO i ci for SGO i
Summary
Electric vehicles (EVs) with low gas emission and environment protection have attracted much attention and have been widely applied in some countries when harsh environment problems are exposed in the world, such as energy shortage, air pollution, and the greenhouse effect [1,2,3,4]. Different from the existing works, we study how to control the power supply among EV users, charging station operators (CSOs), and smart grid operators (SGOs) in the heterogeneous networks (Hetnet). In order to improve the quality of experience (QoE), there are still some challenges to be improved and studied in the charging system when adopting the wireless communication [12,13] These challenges include how to design the optimal strategy for CSOs, while benefiting both EV users and power retailers, respectively. In order to obtain the optimal strategy, we propose a four-stage Stackelberg game scheme This charging power problem is formulated as an optimization problem. An iterative search algorithm is presented to achieve optimal solutions
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