Abstract
BackgroundAlthough lymph node dissection (LND) has been commonly used for patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoids (PCs), the prognostic values of the positive lymph node ratio (PLNR) and the number of removed nodes (NRN) remain unclear.MethodsPatients with resected PCs were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database (2010–2015). The optimal cut-off values of the PLNR and NRN were determined by X-tile. The inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method was used to reduce the selection bias. IPTW-adjusted Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards models were used to compare the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients in different PLNR and NRN groups.ResultsThe study included 1622 patients. The optimal cut-off values of the PLNR and NRN for survival were 13% and 13, respectively. In both Kaplan-Meier analysis and univariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis before IPTW, a PLNR ≥13% was significantly associated with worse OS (HR = 3.364, P<0.001) and worse CSS (HR = 7.874, P<0.001). These findings were corroborated by the IPTW-adjusted Cox analysis OS (HR = 2.358, P = 0.0275) and CSS (HR = 8.190, P<0.001) results. An NRN ≥13 was not significantly associated with worse OS in either the Kaplan-Meier or Cox analysis before or after IPTW adjustment. In the Cox proportional hazards analysis before and after IPTW adjustment, an NRN ≥13 was significantly associated with worse CSS (non-IPTW: HR = 2.216, P=0.013; IPTW-adjusted: HR = 2.162, P=0.024).ConclusionA PLNR ≥13% could predict worse OS and CSS in patients with PCs and might be an important complement to the present PC staging system. Extensive LND with an NRN ≥13 might have no therapeutic value for OS and may even have an adverse influence on CSS. Its application should be considered on an individual basis.
Highlights
Bronchopulmonary carcinoids (PCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors comprising 20% to 30% of all neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and accounting for approximately 1% to 2% of lung malignancies, with an estimated annual incidence of 0.2-2/100 000 persons/year [1]
A total of 161 patients presented with positive lymph node ratio (PLNR) ≥13%, and 1461 patients presented with PLNR
A total of 394 patients presented with number of removed nodes (NRN) ≥13, and 1228 patients presented with NRN
Summary
Bronchopulmonary carcinoids (PCs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors comprising 20% to 30% of all neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and accounting for approximately 1% to 2% of lung malignancies, with an estimated annual incidence of 0.2-2/100 000 persons/year [1]. Lymph node dissection (LND) or sampling has been commonly applied during PC surgery. Systematic LND is recommended by the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), as lymph node involvement may be observed in up to 27% of TCs and in up to 47% of ACs [6]. LND is currently accepted as the most accurate and reliable staging procedure for the detection of lymph node involvement, the optimal LND extent, which could be assessed by the number of removed nodes (NRN), remains unclear [8]. Lymph node dissection (LND) has been commonly used for patients with bronchopulmonary carcinoids (PCs), the prognostic values of the positive lymph node ratio (PLNR) and the number of removed nodes (NRN) remain unclear
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