Abstract
Current energy policy-driven targets have led to increasing deployment of renewable energy sources in electrical grids. However, due to the limited flexibility of current power systems, the rapidly growing number of installations of renewable energy systems has resulted in rising levels of generation curtailments. This paper probes the benefits of simultaneously coordinating aggregated hydro-reservoir storage with residential demand response (DR) for mitigating both load and generation curtailments in highly renewable generation power systems. DR services are provided by electric water heaters, thermal storages, electric vehicles, and heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) loads. Accordingly, an optimization model is presented to minimize the mismatch between demand and supply in the Finnish power system. The model considers proportions of base-load generation comprising nuclear, and combined heat and power (CHP) plants (both CHP-city and CHP-industry), as well as future penetration scenarios of solar and wind power that are constructed, reflecting the present generation structure in Finland. The findings show that DR coordinated with hydropower is an efficient curtailment mitigation tool given the uncertainty in renewable generation. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis is also carried out to depict how higher penetration can reduce carbon emissions from electricity co-generation in the near future.
Highlights
The European Union (EU) issued energy efficiency directives to effectively address and eradicate the worst effects of climate change
Generation curtailment is the amount of renewable energy sources (RESs) generation that has to be down regulated in the case there is no demand
Curtailment events are usually inevitable when RESs are deployed at a large scale
Summary
The European Union (EU) issued energy efficiency directives to effectively address and eradicate the worst effects of climate change In this respect, the EU-2030 climate and energy framework has set key targets that include a 40% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions relative to 1990 levels, a 27% reduction in total energy consumption, and a minimum 27% share of renewable energy sources (RESs) in the entire EU by 2030 [1]. 1166 GWh of wind generation was curtailed in Spain in 2013 [2] Such events imply that the power system could not realize the potential benefits of the Energies 2019, 12, 1037; doi:10.3390/en12061037 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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