Abstract
This paper presents a novel control system for the participation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the provisioning of ancillary services for frequency regulation, in a way that is transparent to the driver and harmonized with the smart charging service requirements. Given a power-frequency droop curve, which specifies how the set of PEVs collectively participate to the provisioning of the frequency regulation service (we call this curve a “global” droop curve), we propose an algorithm to compute “local” droop curves (one for each PEV), which are optimized according to the current status of the PEV and the current progress of the smart recharging session. Once aggregated, the local droop curves match the global one (so that the PEVs contribute as expected to the provisioning of the ancillary service). One innovative aspect of the proposed algorithm is that it is specifically designed to be interoperable with the algorithms that control the PEV recharging process; hence, it is transparent to the PEV drivers. Simulation results are presented to validate the proposed solution.
Highlights
This paper presents a novel control system for the participation of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the provisioning of ancillary services for frequency regulation, in a way that is transparent to the driver and harmonized with the smart charging service requirements
The effect of this perturbation is compensated by the fact that the smart charging module periodically recomputes the charging schedules, so that the new charging schedule is computed taking into account, and to compensate, the effect of any possible deviation from the previous schedule caused by the participation of the PEV to the frequency regulation service
This paper has presented a novel control algorithm for enabling the participation of smart charging plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to the provisioning of frequency regulation services
Summary
The European energy market has moved towards a separation between the roles of balance responsible party (i.e., the entities which are responsible for electricity network imbalances), and balance service provider (i.e., the entities which provide balancing services for the electricity network). The module hosts a control algorithm which builds frequency control services by leveraging the flexibility offered by the PEVs. The module periodically computes and sends to the charging stations one power-frequency droop curve for each PEV performing smart charging, and agreeing to participate in frequency regulation. The implementation of the droop curves by the single PEVs means that a different setpoint is actuated by the PEV, compared to the one that was computed by the smart charging module The effect of this perturbation is compensated by the fact that the smart charging module periodically recomputes the charging schedules (see, e.g., [22]), so that the new charging schedule is computed taking into account, and to compensate, the effect of any possible deviation from the previous schedule caused by the participation of the PEV to the frequency regulation service (and by any other disturbance affecting the charging process). By leveraging the new cellular communication technologies (e.g., 5G), it is possible to install just one (or few, for redundancy) frequency meter in each load area, and spread the information to the other charging stations with negligible delay, matching the strict time requirements for the service
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