Abstract
Net-zero energy buildings coupled with multiple energy demands on the load side, which utilize renewable energy to a larger extent, are an effective way to consume distributed capacity in situ and need to face the operational challenges brought by the uncertainty of renewable energy while meeting different energy demands. To this end, this paper proposes a Dynamic Cost Interaction Optimization Model (DCI-OM) with Electric Vehicle Charging Station (EVCS) based on dynamic cost (i.e., oil price, electricity price) and considers a larger proportion of renewable energy capacity to be consumed. In this model, the optimized electricity and cooling demand dispatch scheme is given with daily operating cost as the objective function. Using the Zero Carbon Building in Hong Kong, China, as an example, simulations are performed for typical days (i.e., 21 March, 21 June, 22 September, and 21 December) in four seasons throughout the year. The results show that the electric and cooling load demand response scheme given by DCI-OM achieves peak and valley reduction according to the dynamic cost and reduces the original operating costs while ensuring that the customer’s comfort needs are within acceptable limits. The optimized scheduling scheme meets the demand while reducing the daily operating cost.
Highlights
With the current calling for carbon emission reduction at home and abroad, the development of net-zero energy buildings is seen as an effective solution to achieve the "double carbon goal" of energy development in China
Net-zero energy buildings reduce the carbon emissions by efficiently using renewable energy as part of the building energy supply, and by optimizing the design of the energy system to achieve the goal of producing more energy than it consumes during operation
By setting the operating cost and pollutant gas emissions as the objective functions, Yang et al [26] used a modified mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model to optimize the scheduling of a combined cooling and heating power microgrid system, and the results showed that the optimized scheduling scheme effectively reduced the operating cost
Summary
With the current calling for carbon emission reduction at home and abroad, the development of net-zero energy buildings (nZEB) is seen as an effective solution to achieve the "double carbon goal" of energy development in China. New energy sources have become a major force in the future energy transition and an important part of carbon substitution in achieving the carbon neutrality goal [1,2]. In responding to the national goal of “double carbon”, increasing the utilization of renewable energy and the penetration of renewable energy in buildings has become an important direction for energy development [3,4]. Renewable energy is a key component of the energy production of net-zero energy buildings. Due to the intermittent and uncertain nature of its production process, it can lead to a mismatch between renewable energy generation and the actual demand of buildings, resulting in the phenomenon of “wind/solar abandonment”
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