Abstract
The economic and environmental benefits brought by electric vehicles (EVs) cannot be fully delivered unless these vehicles are fully or partially charged by renewable energy sources (RES) such as photovoltaic system (PVS). Nevertheless, the EV charging management problem of a parking station integrated with RES is challenging due to the uncertain nature of local RES generation. This paper aims to address these difficulties by deploying an energy storage system (ESS) in parking stations and exploiting the charging and discharging scheduling of EVs to achieve better utilization of intermittent PVS for EV charging. A real-time charging optimization scheme is also formulated, using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) to coordinate the charging or discharging power of EVs along with the power dispatches of power grid and ESS based on the vehicles’ charging or discharging priorities and electricity price preferences. Extensive simulations show that the proposed approach not only maximizes the satisfaction of EV owners in terms of fulfilling all charging and discharging requests, but also minimizes the overall operational cost of the parking station by prioritizing the utilization of energy from PVS, ESS, and scheduling of every EV’s charging and discharging.
Highlights
The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas emissions associated with their wide usage, especially in the transportation sector, have received growing attention from the public in recent decades
This paper aims to provide insight to address the aforementioned challenges by incorporating an energy storage system (ESS) in the electric vehicles (EVs) parking station supplied by a conventional power grid and photovoltaic system (PVS)
In [28], a fuzzy controller was designed to minimize the charging cost of an EV parking station consisting of PVS by adjusting the charging rates of EVs in real time based on their respective power requirements and electricity tariff
Summary
The depletion of fossil fuels and increasing greenhouse gas emissions associated with their wide usage, especially in the transportation sector, have received growing attention from the public in recent decades. Searching for the optimal utilization of both ESS and EVs as energy storage in a parking station integrated with PVS and a power grid is challenging due to the additional complexity brought by these new entities. Apart from preventing the parking station from overloading, the proposed work aims to minimize the operational costs of the parking station by prioritizing the use of energy obtained from PVS, ESS, and the power grid for EV charging. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, the work proposed in this paper is the first to exploit the benefits of both the ESS and V2G capability of EVs to better utilize the intermittent PVS for EV charging in a parking station.
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