Optimal CC-2DOF(PI)-PDF controller for LFC of restructured multi-area power system with IES-based modified HVDC tie-line and electric vehicles

Abstract

This article is introducing an optimal cascaded two-degree of freedom proportional-integral (2DOF(PI)) and proportional-derivative with filter (PDF) controller, i.e., CC-2DOF (PI)-PDF for load frequency control (LFC) mechanism. The designed controller increases the degree of freedom and rejects disturbances faster with fewer dynamics. Further, the application of an opposition-based volleyball premier league algorithm (OVPLA) has been explored to optimize the designed controller's parameters. The proposed LFC mechanism has been studied on a two-area thermal-hydro-gas restructured power system. The thermal system present in each area is equipped with generation rate constraints (GRC) for more realistic analysis. The performance of the suggested OVPLA optimized 2DOF(PI)-PDF controller has been verified over several classical controllers and algorithms separately for step and random load disturbances. Moreover, accurate modeling of the HVDC tie-line and inertia emulation strategy (IES) is discussed, and the power system’s inertia enhancement is verified. This article also highlights the ancillary services of electric vehicles (EVs) and distributed generations (DGs) to tackle any contract violation in the power system. Next, the proposed LFC mechanism's efficacy has been validated on extending a three-area power system. Finally, several case studies and comparative performance analysis with published literature demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of investigated LFC in handling any load disturbances.