Optimal assessment for anterior talofibular ligament injury utilizing stress ultrasound entails internal rotation during plantarflexion

Abstract

ObjectivesAn optimal load and ankle position for stress ultrasound of the injured anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) are unknown. The objectives of this study were to compare stress ultrasound and ankle kinematics from a 6 degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) robotic testing system as a reference standard for the evaluation of injured ATFL and suggest cut-off values for ultrasound diagnosis. MethodsTen fresh-frozen human cadaveric ankles were used. Loads and ankle positions examined by the 6-DOF robotic testing system were: 40 N anterior load, 1.7 Nm inversion, and 1.7 Nm internal rotation torques at 30° plantarflexion, 15° plantarflexion, and 0° plantarflexion. Bony translations were measured by ultrasound and a robotic testing system under the above conditions. After measuring the intact ankle, ATFL was transected at its fibular attachment under arthroscopy. Correlations between ultrasound and robotic testing systems were calculated with Pearson correlation coefficients. Paired t-tests were performed for comparison of ultrasound measurements of translation between intact and transected ATFL and unloaded and loaded conditions in transected ATFL. ResultsGood agreement between ultrasound measurement and that of the robotic testing system was found only in internal rotation at 30° plantarflexion (ICC ​= ​0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.27–0.94). At 30° plantarflexion, significant differences in ultrasound measurements of translation between intact and transected ATFL (p ​< ​0.01) were found in response to 1.7 Nm internal rotation torque and nonstress and stress with internal rotation (p ​< ​0.01) with mean differences of 2.4 ​mm and 1.9 ​mm, respectively. ConclusionBased on the data of this study, moderate internal rotation and plantarflexion are optimal to evaluate the effects of ATFL injury when clinicians utilize stress ultrasound in patients. Level of evidenceIII.