Abstract
Recently, the integration of inverter-based wind turbine generation systems (WTGS) and plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) has remarkably been expanded into distribution systems throughout the world. These distributed resources could have various technical benefits to the grid. However, they are also associated with potential operation problems due to their stochastic nature, such as high power losses and voltage deviations. An optimization-based approach is introduced in this paper to properly allocate multiple WTGS in distribution systems in the presence of PEVs. The proposed approach considers 1) uncertainty models of WTGS, PEV, and loads, 2) DSTATCOM functionality of WTGS, and 3) various system constraints. Besides, the realistic operational requirements of PEVs are addressed, including initial and preset conditions of their state of charge (SOC), arriving and departing times, and various controlled/uncontrolled charging schemes. The WTGS planning paradigm is established as a bi-level optimization problem which guarantees the optimal integration of multiple WTGS, besides optimized PEV charging in a simultaneous manner. For this purpose, a bi-level metaheuristic algorithm is developed for solving the planning model. Intensive simulations and comparisons with various approaches on the 69-bus distribution system interconnected with four PEV charging stations are deeply presented considering annual datasets. The results reveal the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Highlights
R ENEWABLE energy sources (RESs) are growing year by year throughout the world
Considering the plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) in the planning problems (Approach 2 and Approach 3) leads to a higher reduction in the energy losses compared to Approach 1 in which it does not consider the effect of PEVs
Approach 3 gives the highest reduction in the energy losses compared to other approaches where it considers the effect of PEVs in the planning problem with optimal charging/discharging technique
Summary
R ENEWABLE energy sources (RESs) are growing year by year throughout the world. Since greenhouse-gas. It is a statistical fact that the typical parking period of PEVs is higher than ninety percent of the day [11], and so their energy storage capability can be managed by the aggregators [12] They could cause line congestions and voltage violations in distribution systems if uncontrolled schemes are utilized [13]. Many of these approaches ignore the intermittent and uncertain nature of PEVs or even ignore their presence These fast-growing mobile energy storage devices play a vital role in current/future distribution systems, and so their impact on WTGS planning is significant. For this purpose, detailed PEVs modeling complying with their charging requirement is necessary, including the control schemes of PEVs and their various stochastic variables. Where Eltoss,s and Pctom(λs)are the total energy losses and the combined probability set of wind speed and load demand, respectively; λs is a two columns matrix which includes all possible combinations of the states of power generation by WTGS and the load states; nt and ns denotes, the numbers of time segments and states, respectively
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