Abstract
This paper aims at presenting an energy management strategy (EMS) based upon optimal control theory for a battery–supercapacitor hybrid power system. The hybrid power system consists of a lithium-ion battery and a supercapacitor with associated bidirectional DC/DC converters. The proposed EMS aims at computing adaptive gains using the salp swarm algorithm and load following control technique to assign the power reference for both the supercapacitor and the battery while achieving optimal performance and stable voltage. The DC/DC converter model is derived utilizing the first-principles method and computes the required gains to achieve the desired power. The fact that the developed algorithm takes disturbances into account increases the power elements’ life expectancies and supplies the power system with the required power.
Highlights
Nowadays, with the expansion of the energy crisis and ecological pollution, hybrid power systems (HPSs) are becoming a strategic solution
The load is positive, which is supplied by the battery, it will be negative, and the battery will charge itself
The load9 is of 16 positive, which is supplied by the battery, it will be negative, and the battery will charge itself
Summary
With the expansion of the energy crisis and ecological pollution, hybrid power systems (HPSs) are becoming a strategic solution. A HPS can be employed for Electrical Vehicles (EV) (EV) applications [2,3,4] or stationary applications [5,6,7]. This has resulted in a spark of interest in the research field, with different hybridizations and energy management strategies having been developed to further reduce emissions and improve fuel economy [8].
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