Optically Powered Optical Transmitter Using a Single Light-Emitting Diode

Abstract

An optically powered optical transmitter using a single light-emitting diode (LED) is presented with a batteryless and low-power temperature sensor node. The commercially available AlGaAs LED has higher open-circuit voltage (~1.2 V) than CMOS photodiode (~0.5 V), such that an analog/mixed signal design in 0.18- $\mu \text{m}$ process can be powered directly without losing efficiency to a sustained voltage boosting scheme. Higher voltage is needed only during brief transmissions. A scalable, inverter-based, switched capacitor voltage boosting transmitter drives the LED in short pulses with 93% electrical energy efficiency. Three consecutive pulses are sent as preamble symbol, two as logic 0 and one as logic 1. The microsystem features a $\Delta V_{{\text {BE}}}$ -based temperature sensor with a data-dependent partial conversion scheme to save energy. The sensor expends 1 nJ/full conversion at 5 kSa/s and 0.25 nJ/partial conversion at 20 kSa/s. The transmitter can serially output data at 1 nJ/pulse; 10-cm detection distance is achieved under 6-mW/mm2 light intensity using an in-house photodiode detector circuit. The circuitry dissipates 6 $\mu \text{W}$ in total at 1.2-V nominal voltage. It consists of a 0.1-mm2 LED die, 2.25-mm2 IC, and a surface mounted device storage capacitor, taking approximately 1-mm3 volume.