Abstract
The ability to create and manipulate spatio-temporal potentials is essential in the diverse fields of science and technology. Here, we introduce an optical feedback trap system based on high precision position detection and ultrafast feedback control of a Brownian particle in the optical tweezers to generate spatio-temporal virtual potentials of the desired shape in a controlled manner. As an application, we study the nonequilibrium fluctuation dynamics of the particle in a time-varying virtual harmonic potential and validate the Crooks fluctuation theorem in the highly nonequilibrium condition.
Highlights
For the past three decades, there has been significant progress in the field of stochastic and information thermodynamics, where general laws such as fluctuation theorems and Jarzynski relations applicable to nonequilibrium phenomena have been discovered [1,2,3]
As an application of the optical feedback trap (OFT), we studied the nonequilibrium fluctuation dynamics of a particle in virtual harmonic potential where the stiffness of the potential was varied linearly with time to test the validity of the Crooks fluctuation theorem [22] for diverse processes ranging from near equilibrium to very far from equilibrium
We tested this technique by studying the dynamics of a Brownian particle in virtual harmonic potential whose stiffness can be modulated in a controlled manner by keeping the laser intensity constant, and confirmed that the dynamics of the particle in the virtual harmonic potential is very close to that of a genuine continuous potential
Summary
For the past three decades, there has been significant progress in the field of stochastic and information thermodynamics, where general laws such as fluctuation theorems and Jarzynski relations applicable to nonequilibrium phenomena have been discovered [1,2,3] Many of these nonequilibrium relations are validated experimentally, thanks to the development of new technologies, which facilitates trapping and manipulation of Brownian particles, such as optical tweezers (OT). It can trap and locate an object with subnanometer resolution and is capable of probing piconewton forces As a result, it has been successfully used as an experimental tool in the diverse fields of science and engineering [6,7]. Despite the partial success of the optical tweezers in the study of the stochastic and information thermodynamics, its application is still limited when the generation of the mathematically-driven time-varying arbitrary shaped potential is required
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