Optical solitons from a photonic crystal fiber and their applications

Abstract

A photonic crystal fiber (PCF) is a fiber that contains the regular (usually hexagonal) arrays of air holes in the propagation direction of an optical fiber. At the center position, the core is created by not making an air hole and the light wave propagates at the core position since the effective refractive index of the core is higher than that of the photonic crystal clad surrounding the core. Photonic crystal fibers of this type have been used to generate ultrabroadband optical pulses by propagating femtosecond optical pulses in these fibers (Ranka et al., 2000). The core diameter of a PCF for the generation of ultrabroadband optical pulses using a Ti:sapphire laser (center wavelength ∼800 nm) is about 1-2 μm if it is assumed that the silica core is surrounded by regular air holes. Due to the waveguide dispersion, the group velocity dispersion (GVD) becomes negative at 800 nm. Because of the small core diameter and the negative GVD, nonlinear effects are enhanced and optical solitons are generated in a PCF. Theoretical calculations for elucidating the mechanism of the ultrabroadband pulse generation in a PCF have been performed (Husakou & Herrmann, 2001) and the generation of fundamental soliton pulses by the fission of an input higher-order soliton pulse due to the third and higher order dispersion as well as the higher-order nonlinear effects including the Raman effects are found to be important for the spectral broadening. Supercontinuum generation in a PCF is reviewed in (Dudley et al., 2006). The center wavelength of the generated fundamental soliton pulse becomes longer as it propagates in a PCF due to soliton self-frequency shift and its center wavelength can be changed by the peak power or the chirp of an input pulse. Recently, it was used as a variable-wavelength light source in various applications including coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The present article describes the properties of the fundamental solitons from a PCF and its applications studied in our laboratory.