Abstract
Fundamentals of quantum dots (QDs) sensing phenomena show the predominance of these fluorophores over standard organic dyes, mainly because of their unique optical properties such as sharp and tunable emission spectra, high emission quantum yield and broad absorption. Moreover, they also indicate no photo bleaching and can be also grown as no blinking emitters. Due to these properties, QDs may be used e.g., for multiplex testing of the analyte by simultaneously detecting multiple or very weak signals. Physico-chemical mechanisms used for analyte detection, like analyte stimulated QDs aggregation, nonradiative Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) exhibit a number of QDs, which can be applied in sensors. Quantum dots-based sensors find use in the detection of ions, organic compounds (e.g., proteins, sugars, volatile substances) as well as bacteria and viruses.
Highlights
Among the most interesting and promising nanomaterials are colloidal semiconducting quantum dots (QDs)
Nejdl et al reported a systematic study of the self-assembly of CdTe QDs stabilized by mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) These QDs were used for the preparation of a fluorescent probe based on methylene blue as a quencher for the specific determination of nucleic acid from urine
A very promising alternative for construction of new micro-devices is LTCC (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic [93]) technology, consisting in the creation of three-dimensional structures of electronic systems based on pressed and co-poured ceramic foils with printed functional layers [94,95]. This method was used by Baluta et al They proposed a convenient fluorescence dopamine-sensing strategy based on polydopamine formed on the surface of graphene quantum dots (GQDs). This sensing system utilized the catalytic oxidation of DA to dopamine-o-quinone (DOQ), and to poly(DA), which can selectively quench the strong luminescence of GQDs due to Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
Summary
Among the most interesting and promising nanomaterials are colloidal semiconducting quantum dots (QDs). To make them useful for biological or medical application, additional post growth treatment is usually needed This treatment includes QDs functionalization and in many cases bioconjugation (see Figure 1). One serious reason why QDs still do not dominate over organic markers (i.e., Green Fluorescent Protein, Rhodamine) lies in the absence of widely tested and already accepted protocols for QDs functionalization and bioconjugation [9] There is another reason to not use the QDs in biological sensing, especially in case of in vivo imaging, namely their toxicity. CCoonncclluuddininggtthheeaabboovveeddiissccuussssioionn,,ititccaannbbeesseeeenntthhaattrreeaall bbeenneeffiittss ccoommiinnggffrroomm eexxttrraaoorrddiinnaarryy pprrooppeerrttiieessooffQQDDss mmuusstt bbee aallwwaayyss ccoommppaarreedd ttoo ddrraawwbbaacckkssooff uussiinngg iinnoorrggaanniicc pprroobbeess iinn bbiioollooggiiccaall ssyysstteemmss..InInotohtehrewr worodrsd, sfo, rfosromsoemsepescpieficcifiapc palpicpaltiicoantisoQnsDQs aDrse aarneeaxnceellxecnetllcehnoticceh,ooircev,eoryr vbeardyidbeaad [i1d2e–a14[1].2A–1m4]o.nAg mthoenagppthliecaatpiopnliscwathioenrse iwnhcoenreteisntcaobnlytetshteabaldyvtahnetaagdevsaonftQagDess aorfeQuDtilsizaerde aurteiliszeendsianrge ssyesntseimngs. Fifth mechanism commonly used for analyte detection based on changes in QDs optical properties. The color of emission changes or emission decay time of donor is reduced (Figure 5e) [36,37]
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