Abstract
This paper presents a survey on optical sensors and methods for 3D reconstruction in underwater environments. The techniques to obtain range data have been listed and explained, together with the different sensor hardware that makes them possible. The literature has been reviewed, and a classification has been proposed for the existing solutions. New developments, commercial solutions and previous reviews in this topic have also been gathered and considered.
Highlights
The exploration of the ocean is far from being complete, and detailed maps of most of the undersea regions are not available, necessary
These sensors provide raw 3D data that have to be post-processed to obtain metric 3D information. This workflow is known as 3D reconstruction, and nowadays, it is seen as a tool that can be used for a variety of applications, ranging from medical diagnosis to photogrammetry, heritage reports or machinery design and production [1,2]
Laser stripe (LS) systems are a subgroup of laser-based structured light systems (LbSLS), where the pattern is fixed to be a line, the projector is swept across the field of view of the camera
Summary
The exploration of the ocean is far from being complete, and detailed maps of most of the undersea regions are not available, necessary. 3D imaging sensors have increased in popularity in fields such as human-machine interaction, mapping and movies These sensors provide raw 3D data that have to be post-processed to obtain metric 3D information. Other authors have already reviewed some topics previously mentioned, for example Jaffe et al [4] surveyed in 2001 the different prospects in underwater imaging, foreseeing the introduction of blue-green lasers and multidimensional photomultiplier tube (PMT) arrays An application of these prospects is shown in Foley and Mildell [5], who covered in 2002 the technologies for precise archaeological surveys in deep water, such as image mosaicking and acoustic three-dimensional bathymetry. Structure from motion and stereoscopy are studied by Jordt [11], who reported in her PhD thesis (2014) different surveys on 3D reconstruction, image correction calibration and mosaicking In this survey, we present a review of optical sensors and associated methods in underwater 3D reconstruction.
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