Abstract
Implantation of metallic ions in insulating materials results in numerous optical and electrical changes in property. These range from simple colouration or formation of surface mirrors to non-linear optical responses with picosecond response times. Implantation doses vary with depth and so there are normally a range of particle sizes and variations in property with depth below the surface. Therefore, post implant treatments of furnace or laser annealing may be required to optimise the particle sizes. Examples are quoted for the case of implantation in various glasses and ionic crystals. A variety of analytical methods are now being applied to the layers and many of the changes have potential commercial applications. This brief review discusses some of the factors which control particle formation and their relevance to applications.
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